学习 WPF 如果不学 MVVM,仿佛缺少了灵魂。那什么是 MVVM 呢?为什么要学 MVVM 呢,本以一个简单的增删改查的小例子,简述 MVVM 的基本知识及如何通过进行 MVVM 架构的程序开发,仅供学习分享使用,如有不足之处,还请指正。
什么是 MVVM?
MVVM 是 Model-View-ViewModel 的简写。它本质上就是 MVC (Model-View- Controller)的改进版。即模型-视图-视图模型。分别定义如下:
- 【模型】指的是后端传递的数据。
- 【视图】指的是所看到的页面。
- 【视图模型】mvvm 模式的核心,它是连接 view 和 model 的桥梁。它有两个方向:
- 一是将【模型】转化成【视图】,即将后端传递的数据转化成所看到的页面。实现的方式是:数据绑定。
- 二是将【视图】转化成【模型】,即将所看到的页面转化成后端的数据。实现的方式是:DOM 事件监听。这两个方向都实现的,我们称之为数据的双向绑定。
MVVM 示意图如下所示:
安装 MvvmLight 插件
项目名称右键-->管理 NuGet 程序包-->搜索 MvvmLight-->安装。如下所示:
弹出接受许可证窗口,点击【接受】如下所示:
MvvmLight 安装成功后,自动引用需要的第三方库,并默认生成示例内容,有些不需要的需要删除,如下所示:
MVVM 示例截图
主要通过 MVVM 实现数据的 CRUD【增删改查】基础操作,如下所示:
MVVM 开发步骤
- 创建 Model 层
本例主要是对学生信息的增删改查,所以创建 Student 模型类,如下所示:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace WpfApp3.Models
{
/// <summary>
/// 学生类
/// </summary>
public class Student
{
/// <summary>
/// 唯一标识
/// </summary>
public int Id { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 学生姓名
/// </summary>
public string Name { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 年龄
/// </summary>
public int Age { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 班级
/// </summary>
public string Classes { get; set; }
}
}
- 创建 DAL 层
为了简化示例,模拟数据库操作,构建基础数据,如下所示:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using WpfApp3.Models;
namespace WpfApp3.DAL
{
public class LocalDb
{
private List<Student> students;
public LocalDb() {
init();
}
/// <summary>
/// 初始化数据
/// </summary>
private void init() {
students = new List<Student>();
for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++)
{
students.Add(new Student()
{
Id=i,
Name=string.Format("学生{0}",i),
Age=new Random(i).Next(0,100),
Classes=i%2==0?"一班":"二班"
});
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 查询数据
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public List<Student> Query()
{
return students;
}
/// <summary>
/// 按名字查询
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public List<Student> QueryByName(string name)
{
return students.Where((t) => t.Name.Contains(name)).ToList();//FindAll((t) => t.Name.Contains(name));
}
public Student QueryById(int Id)
{
var student = students.FirstOrDefault((t) => t.Id == Id);
if (student != null)
{
return new Student() {
Id=student.Id,
Name=student.Name,
Age=student.Age,
Classes=student.Classes
};
}
return null;
}
/// <summary>
/// 新增学生
/// </summary>
/// <param name="student"></param>
public void AddStudent(Student student)
{
if (student != null)
{
students.Add(student);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 删除学生
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Id"></param>
public void DelStudent(int Id)
{
var student = students.FirstOrDefault((t) => t.Id == Id); //students.Find((t) => t.Id == Id);
if (student != null)
{
students.Remove(student);
}
}
}
}
- 创建 View 层
View 层与用户进行交互,用户数据的展示,及事件的响应。在本例中,View 层主要有数据查询展示,新增及编辑页面。
在 View 层,主要是命令的绑定,及数据的绑定。
- 在 DataGridTextColumn 中通过 Binding=""的形式绑定要展示的列属性名。
- 在 Button 按钮上通过 Command=""的形式绑定要响应的命令。
- 在 TextBox 文本框中通过 Text=""的形式绑定查询条件属性。
数据展示窗口,如下所示:
<Window
x:Class="WpfApp3.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp3"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="MainWindow"
Height="450"
Width="800"
>
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="80"></RowDefinition>
<RowDefinition Height="*"></RowDefinition>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<StackPanel
Orientation="Horizontal"
Grid.Row="0"
Margin="5"
VerticalAlignment="Center"
>
<TextBlock Text="姓名:" Margin="10" Padding="5"></TextBlock>
<TextBox
x:Name="sname"
Text="{Binding Search}"
Width="120"
Margin="10"
Padding="5"
></TextBox>
<button
x:Name="btnQuery"
Content="查询"
Margin="10"
Padding="5"
Width="80"
Command="{Binding QueryCommand}"
></button>
<button
x:Name="btnReset"
Content="重置"
Margin="10"
Padding="5"
Width="80"
Command="{Binding ResetCommand}"
></button>
<button
x:Name="btnAdd"
Content="创建"
Margin="10"
Padding="5"
Width="80"
Command="{Binding AddCommand}"
></button>
</StackPanel>
<DataGrid
x:Name="dgInfo"
Grid.Row="1"
AutoGenerateColumns="False"
CanUserAddRows="False"
CanUserSortColumns="False"
Margin="10"
ItemsSource="{Binding GridModelList}"
>
<DataGrid.Columns>
<DataGridTextColumn
Header="Id"
Width="100"
Binding="{Binding Id}"
></DataGridTextColumn>
<DataGridTextColumn
Header="姓名"
Width="100"
Binding="{Binding Name}"
></DataGridTextColumn>
<DataGridTextColumn
Header="年龄"
Width="100"
Binding="{Binding Age}"
></DataGridTextColumn>
<DataGridTextColumn
Header="班级"
Width="100"
Binding="{Binding Classes}"
></DataGridTextColumn>
<DataGridTemplateColumn Header="操作" Width="*">
<DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
<DataTemplate>
<StackPanel
Orientation="Horizontal"
VerticalAlignment="Center"
HorizontalAlignment="Center"
>
<button
x:Name="edit"
Content="编辑"
Width="60"
Margin="3"
Height="25"
CommandParameter="{Binding Id}"
Command="{Binding DataContext.EditCommand, RelativeSource={RelativeSource Mode=FindAncestor, AncestorType=DataGrid}}"
></button>
<button
x:Name="delete"
Content="删除"
Width="60"
Margin="3"
Height="25"
CommandParameter="{Binding Id}"
Command="{Binding DataContext.DeleteCommand, RelativeSource={RelativeSource Mode=FindAncestor, AncestorType=DataGrid}}"
></button>
</StackPanel>
</DataTemplate>
</DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
</DataGridTemplateColumn>
</DataGrid.Columns>
</DataGrid>
</Grid>
</Window>
新增及编辑页面,如下所示:
<Window
x:Class="WpfApp3.Views.StudentWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp3.Views"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="StudentWindow"
Height="440"
Width="500"
AllowsTransparency="False"
WindowStartupLocation="CenterScreen"
WindowStyle="None"
>
<Grid>
<Grid.RowDefinitions>
<RowDefinition Height="60"></RowDefinition>
<RowDefinition></RowDefinition>
<RowDefinition Height="60"></RowDefinition>
</Grid.RowDefinitions>
<TextBlock FontSize="30" Margin="10">修改学生信息</TextBlock>
<StackPanel Grid.Row="1" Orientation="Vertical">
<TextBlock FontSize="20" Margin="10" Padding="5">姓名</TextBlock>
<TextBox
x:Name="txtName"
FontSize="20"
Padding="5"
Text="{Binding Model.Name}"
></TextBox>
<TextBlock FontSize="20" Margin="10" Padding="5">年龄</TextBlock>
<TextBox
x:Name="txtAge"
FontSize="20"
Padding="5"
Text="{Binding Model.Age}"
></TextBox>
<TextBlock FontSize="20" Margin="10" Padding="5">班级</TextBlock>
<TextBox
x:Name="txtClasses"
FontSize="20"
Padding="5"
Text="{Binding Model.Classes}"
></TextBox>
</StackPanel>
<StackPanel
Grid.Row="2"
Orientation="Horizontal"
HorizontalAlignment="Right"
>
<button
x:Name="btnSave"
Content="保存"
Margin="10"
FontSize="20"
Width="100"
Click="btnSave_Click"
></button>
<button
x:Name="btnCancel"
Content="取消"
Margin="10"
FontSize="20"
Width="100"
Click="btnCancel_Click"
></button>
</StackPanel>
</Grid>
</Window>
- 创建 ViewModel 层
ViewModel 层是 MVVM 的核心所在,起到承上启下的作用。ViewModel 需要继承 GalaSoft.MvvmLight.ViewModelBase 基类。
ViewModel 中属性实现数据的绑定,命令实现用户交互的响应。如下所示:
using GalaSoft.MvvmLight;
using GalaSoft.MvvmLight.Command;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Windows;
using WpfApp3.DAL;
using WpfApp3.Models;
using WpfApp3.Views;
namespace WpfApp3.ViewModel
{
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public class MainViewModel : ViewModelBase
{
#region 属性及构造函数
private LocalDb localDb;
private ObservableCollection<Student> gridModelList;
public ObservableCollection<Student> GridModelList
{
get { return gridModelList; }
set
{
gridModelList = value;
RaisePropertyChanged();
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 查询条件
/// </summary>
private string search;
public string Search
{
get { return search; }
set
{
search = value;
RaisePropertyChanged();
}
}
/// <summary>
///
/// </summary>
public MainViewModel()
{
localDb = new LocalDb();
QueryCommand = new RelayCommand(this.Query);
ResetCommand = new RelayCommand(this.Reset);
EditCommand = new RelayCommand<int>(this.Edit);
DeleteCommand = new RelayCommand<int>(this.Delete);
AddCommand = new RelayCommand(this.Add);
}
#endregion
#region command
/// <summary>
/// 查询命令
/// </summary>
public RelayCommand QueryCommand { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 重置命令
/// </summary>
public RelayCommand ResetCommand { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 编辑
/// </summary>
public RelayCommand<int> EditCommand { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 删除
/// </summary>
public RelayCommand<int> DeleteCommand { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// 新增
/// </summary>
public RelayCommand AddCommand { get; set; }
#endregion
public void Query()
{
List<Student> students;
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(search))
{
students = localDb.Query();
}
else
{
students = localDb.QueryByName(search);
}
GridModelList = new ObservableCollection<Student>();
if (students != null)
{
students.ForEach((t) =>
{
GridModelList.Add(t);
});
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 重置
/// </summary>
public void Reset()
{
this.Search = string.Empty;
this.Query();
}
/// <summary>
/// 编辑
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Id"></param>
public void Edit(int Id)
{
var model = localDb.QueryById(Id);
if (model != null)
{
StudentWindow view = new StudentWindow(model);
var r = view.ShowDialog();
if (r.Value)
{
var newModel = GridModelList.FirstOrDefault(t => t.Id == model.Id);
if (newModel != null)
{
newModel.Name = model.Name;
newModel.Age = model.Age;
newModel.Classes = model.Classes;
}
this.Query();
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 删除
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Id"></param>
public void Delete(int Id)
{
var model = localDb.QueryById(Id);
if (model != null)
{
var r = MessageBox.Show($"确定要删除吗【{model.Name}】?","提示",MessageBoxButton.YesNo);
if (r == MessageBoxResult.Yes)
{
localDb.DelStudent(Id);
this.Query();
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// 新增
/// </summary>
public void Add()
{
Student model = new Student();
StudentWindow view = new StudentWindow(model);
var r = view.ShowDialog();
if (r.Value)
{
model.Id = GridModelList.Max(t => t.Id) + 1;
localDb.AddStudent(model);
this.Query();
}
}
}
}
- 数据上下文
当各个层分别创建好后,那如何关联起来呢?答案就是 DataContext【数据上下文】。
查询页面上下文,如下所示:
namespace WpfApp3
{
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
MainViewModel viewModel = new MainViewModel();
viewModel.Query();
this.DataContext = viewModel;
}
}
}
新增页面上下文,如下所示:
namespace WpfApp3.Views
{
/// <summary>
/// StudentWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class StudentWindow : Window
{
public StudentWindow(Student student)
{
InitializeComponent();
this.DataContext = new
{
Model = student
};
}
private void btnSave_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
this.DialogResult = true;
}
private void btnCancel_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
this.DialogResult = false;
}
}
}
总结
MVVM 具有低耦合,可重用,可测试,独立开发的优点,核心要素就两个:
- 属性发生变化时的通知,即可达到数据的实时更新。
- 命令是实现用户与程序之间数据和算法的桥梁。
备注
本文作为 MVVM 的简单入门示例,旨在抛砖引玉,一起学习,共同进步。如果对 WPF 的其他入门知识,不是很了解,可以参考其他博文。
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